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Module 16: The Reproductive System Search for:

Discuss external methods of fertilization
Discuss internal methods of fertilization

In aquatic environments, external fertilization typically takes place when sperm and eggs are released into the water. After the sperm reaches the egg, fertilization takes place. The majority of external fertilization occurs during the spawning process, when one or more females release their eggs and the male(s) releases sperm simultaneously in the same location. The temperature of the water or the duration of daylight may cause the reproductive material to release. Almost all fish, as well as mollusks (like oysters), squid, echinoderms (like sea urchins and sea cucumbers), and crustaceans (like crabs and shrimp) spawn. Figure 1a shows salmon spawning in a shallow stream. Corals, mayflies, mosquitoes, and frogssuch as those depicted in Figure 1ball spawn.

do birds fertilize internally or externally

Fish that do not broadcast spawn may display courtship behavior in pairs. This allows the female to select a particular male. The trigger that releases the egg and sperm (spawning) concentrates them in a small area, increasing the likelihood of fertilization.

In an aquatic environment, external fertilization keeps the eggs from drying out. Increased genetic diversity and a higher likelihood of a species surviving in a harsh environment can be attained through broadcast spawning, which can produce a greater mixture of genes within a group. Broadcast spawning is the sole method used by sessile aquatic organisms, such as sponges, to fertilize and colonize new areas. There are chances for predation because of the fertilized eggs and growing young in the water, which results in the loss of offspring. As a result, each individual must produce millions of eggs, and the children born using this method must mature quickly. Eggs produced through broadcast spawning have a low rate of survival.

The majority of internal fertilization happens in land animals, though some aquatic species also use this technique. After internal fertilization, offspring can be produced in three different ways. During oviparity, fertilized eggs are laid outside of the female’s body, where they grow and develop while being fed by the yolk, which is a component of the egg. Most bony fish, numerous reptiles, some cartilaginous fish, the majority of amphibians, two mammals, and all birds exhibit this. Eggs from birds and turtles have hard shells due to high calcium carbonate concentrations, whereas eggs from reptiles and insects are leathery. Chicken eggs are an example of this second type.

In ovoviparity, the female retains the fertilized eggs, but the embryo receives nutrition from the yolk of the egg, and the offspring hatch fully formed. Some sharks, some lizards, some snakes (like the garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis), some vipers, some bony fish (like the guppy Lebistes reticulatus), and some invertebrate animals (like the Madagascar hissing cockroach Gromphadorhina portentosa) exhibit this.

When a mother gives birth to her child, the fetus grows inside her and receives nutrition from her blood through a placenta. The offspring develops in the female and is born alive. Most mammals, some cartilaginous fish, and a few reptiles exhibit this.

One benefit of internal fertilization is that it keeps the fertilized egg from drying out on land. Due to the female’s isolation of the embryo, there is less chance of predation on the young. The process of internal fertilization improves a particular male’s ability to fertilize eggs. Although this method produces fewer offspring, the rate of their survival is higher than that of external fertilization.

FAQ

How do birds do fertilization?

In avian species, fertilization occurs within the infundibular portion of the oviduct, and only the pvm encloses the oocyte at the time of fertilization. As mentioned above, spermegg interaction in avian species can be measured in vitro as the ability of the sperm to form a hole in the pvm (Robertson et al., 2000).

Do animals have internal or external fertilization?

Internal fertilization occurs most often in land-based animals, although some aquatic animals also use this method.

Is fertilization of Eagle external or internal?

Like all water birds, bald eagles nest on land. They reproduce via internal fertilization and lay eggs in very large nests. In fact, their nests are the largest tree nests in the world.

Is Dove internal or external fertilization?

All birds are oviparous and reproduce through internal fertilization.