Highest skin cancer risk
This includes those with extremely pale skin, which burns easily and tans very little, as well as those with darker white or olive skin, which tans readily but has additional risk factors for skin cancer because they:
- have had skin cancer before
- have a family history of melanomas
- have many moles
- are taking immunosuppressant medications.
For these people, the harms of sun exposure almost certainly outweigh the benefits.
These people should wear sunscreen every day the UV index is forecast to get to three or more, and use the five sunsmart steps whenever the UV index is above three:
- Put on clothes that covers as much of your body as you can
- Apply a layer of SPF 30 sunscreen to exposed areas.
- slap on a hat
- seek shade
- slide on sunglasses.
Instead of purposefully going outside to get vitamin D, they should talk to their doctor about taking supplements.
Intermediate skin cancer risk
This refers to those without any additional skin cancer risk factors, who have dark white or olive skin that occasionally burns but tans easily.
These people should still apply sunscreen as part of their usual routine on all days when the UV index is forecast to get to three or more, but they can spend enough time outdoors to get a dose of vitamin D on most days of the week.
Once the time needed for their vitamin D dose is up, they should also use the slip-slop-slap-seek-slide steps to avoid accumulating DNA damage.
If health or lifestyle limitations prevent them from doing thissuch as being confined to their home, working nights, or constantly donning clothingthey should consult their doctor to determine whether vitamin D supplements are necessary.
Hang on, what about those with darker skin?
Compared to people with lighter skin tones, those with highly pigmented, brown to black skin accumulate vitamin D and DNA damage much more slowly.
A DNA strand becomes distorted when it is exposed to UV radiation. If the distortion isn’t corrected, it will result in an error when the DNA is replicated for a new cell, which could eventually lead to cancer.
Melanin, the brown pigment in the skin, absorbs UV photons before that can happen, and the high melanin content in the darkest skin tones provides 60 times as much UV protection as the small amount in very fair skin.
On the other hand, there is a greater chance of vitamin D deficiency than skin cancer.
The new statement accounts for this by putting people into three groups based on their risk of skin cancer, with specialised advice for each group.
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